Book review: Venezuela Speaks!
Voices from the Grassroots edited by Carlos Martinez, Michael Fox and JoJo Farrell
From Peace News
By Ian Sinclair
Friday, April 30, 2010
According to an ongoing research project at the University of the West of England analysing the BBC’s coverage of Venezuela between 1998 and 2008 the corporation has an ongoing obsession with – and bias against – Hugo Chavez, with news reports focussing almost entirely on the charismatic President.
Venezuela Speaks! attempts to counter this one-dimensional portrayal by highlighting the central role that grassroots social movements have played in pushing the Bolivarian Revolution forward. As one activist explains, “With Chavez or without Chavez, is it better to die on your feet than to live on your knees.”
Edited by three Venezuela specialists, the book is made up of in-depth interviews with 29 radicals and activists – from women’s groups, the indigenous movement, student groups, community media and trade unions. By working in communal councils and cooperatives, building education centres, taking over factories and conducting land occupations these people have forced the profound changes that have occurred on Chavez‘s watch. Their impressive gains include cutting extreme poverty in half, reducing the infant mortality rate by 40 percent, recognising the economic value of housework, a literacy drive that taught 1.5 million people to read and write and the introduction of free higher education.
The dominant thread running through all the testimonies is the critical relationship between grassroots movements and a sympathetic government. Interviewees continuously refer to the problem of what they call “the bureaucracy”, that is conservative forces still in the government who are either deliberately or inadvertently slowing down the country’s transformation from a representative democracy to something approaching a participatory democracy.
Encyclopaedic in scope, with a superb introductory history, extensive footnotes, helpful list of abbreviations, explanatory maps and photos Venezuela Speaks! caters equally to newcomers and those with a pre-existing knowledge of the subject.
Activists working for change in the developed world will no doubt be inspired by the personal accounts of struggle. There is certainly much to learn, especially the realisation that the social movements that propelled Chavez into power were decades in the making. However, the book also raises an uncomfortable question: If often poor and uneducated activists in Venezuela can make such radical changes in the face of such powerful and repressive forces, why can’t we do the same in the relative freedom of Britain?
An astonishing achievement, Venezuela Speaks! deserves to become a landmark study of contemporary Venezuela.
*Ian Sinclair is a freelance writer based in London, UK. ian_js@hotmail.com
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Revolution within the Revolution in Venezuela
From MR Zine
by Lainie Cassel
26 January 2010
In 1999, under newly elected President Hugo Chavez, the Venezuelan people were given a rare opportunity: to participate in the writing of what would become arguably the world’s most radical constitution. The result of an extensive constitutional process and an assembly voted on by Venezuelan citizens contrasts with the United States constitution, one created by white landholders centuries ago.
The document, carried in the back pockets of ordinary Venezuelan citizens, has become a pillar of the Chavez-led “Bolivarian Revolution.” For the first time in Venezuelan history the constitution declares housing, health care, and employment as basic human rights and argues in favor of a more participatory form of democracy.
The constitutional process indeed helped empower a number of organizations from the Afro-Venezuelan Network to peasant militias. These movements not only struggle for the government to uphold the constitution but have become the driving force behind some of Chavez’s most radical policies.
Venezuela Speaks! Voices from the Grassroots is the first book in the English language that has captured the challenges of bottom-up movements under President Chavez. In the book, co-authors Carlos Martinez, Michael Fox, and Jojo Farrell offer a much-needed history of revolutionary Venezuela and an analysis of current events, interwoven among interviews with some of Venezuela’s most important leaders among the people.
Fox, Martinez, and Farrell are all part of a small network of internationals who have traveled to remote areas in Venezuela and have lived in the numerous shantytowns that line Caracas’ hillsides. The result of their time abroad is a collective history of Venezuela that most visitors and certainly US media have not been able to capture.
Through the oral accounts of activists, Venezuela Speaks! also offers insiders’ views of the Bolivarian Revolution and the struggle towards participatory democracy. The activists interviewed have engaged in occupations of factories and land, the development of popular education, and the creation of an alternative culture and media.
However, readers on the left seeking a rosy account of the “Bolivarian revolution” are likely to be disappointed. Most of the book consists of interviews with an impressive variety of individuals who refuse to hold back their criticisms. Their stories bring to life the true struggle for revolutionary change, one that faces two main challenges defined in the first chapter by housing activist Iraida Morocoima.
It is important for people to understand that we are fighting on two fronts: the struggle against the opposition so that they don’t alter our goals, and the struggle against the government bureaucrats that support large financial capital who continue to give these lands to the large construction companies. That’s why we say this is a process of revolution within the revolution.
The Bolibourgeoisie (a name given to bureaucrats within Chavez’s administration), she argues, serve as a fence between the people and Chavez that often stops the effective implementation of the constitution.
However, as the short-lived 2002 coup d’etat proves, Chavez’s return to office was largely a result of mass mobilization from the grassroots movements. His mere existence, therefore, depends on the strong support of some of the most radical groups in the country.
The grassroots movements also implement the constitution when the government is unable or unwilling. As women’s rights activist Yanahir Reyes argues in the book, women’s struggles go beyond the language of gender inclusion used in the constitution. She goes on to assert that only through grassroots and participatory education will a more gender inclusive culture be created.
While Reyes applauds the government for the creation of institutions to support women, she admits: “[T]he bureaucracy swallows good intentions. I think it is a mistake to keep strengthening the institutions. The communities are ready to make the changes. The struggle continues to be the divide between institutions and popular power.”
The stories told in Venezuela Speaks! also bring into question our own ideas of democracy as solely representative and open the door for a debate on a new form of democracy, one dependent on the active participation of its citizens.
As a result this book should also serve as a tool for activists outside Venezuela, including activists in the United States. It shows how, through debate, self-criticism, and popular education and media, people are able to free themselves from the manipulation of state and corporate power.
Whether the revolution can go beyond Hugo Chavez and the support of his government is still unclear. However, what is apparent is the slogan presented in the introduction: “The people have awoken. With or without Chavez, Venezuela is no longer the same.”
Lainie Cassel has recently returned from living in Caracas, Venezuela. Currently she is studying in New York City and can be reached at: Lainie[dot]Cassel[at]gmail.com Comments
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Voices of Participatory Democracy in Venezuela: A Review of Venezuela Speaks! Voices from the Grassroots
From Upside Down World
by Hans Bennett
20 January 2010
Reviewed: Venezuela Speaks! Voices from the Grassroots, By Carlos Martinez, Michael Fox, and JoJo Farrell (PM Press, 2010)
There are many different ways that the corporate media continues to misrepresent the Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela. Many critics of this biased media coverage have directly challenged the demonization of Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, but very few critics, if any, have exposed the media’s virtual erasure of the vibrant and growing participatory democracy in Venezuela. Alas, the new book entitled Venezuela Speaks! Voices from the Grassroots (PM Press, 2010) offers a powerful correction to this misrepresentation by spotlighting a wide range of people and movements that are actively governing themselves with official governmental structures created since the 1998 election of President Chavez, and the growing non-governmental social movements that have existed for several decades.
Venezuela Speaks embodies this non-hierarchical philosophy by presenting the voices of the people themselves in interviews from practically every sector of society, including community organizers, educators, journalists, cultural workers, farmers, women, students, and Indigenous & Afro-Venezuelans. Co-authors Carlos Martinez, Michael Fox, and JoJo Farrell argue persuasively that this untold story of democracy from the bottom-up is key to understanding the complexity of the present-day political situation in Venezuela. They write that “by failing to see beyond Chavez and the government’s anti-neoliberal policies, one of the most significant political dynamics in Venezuela has gone ignored and underappreciated—the dynamic between a government that has committed itself to a discourse of grassroots political participation, and the response of ordinary Venezuelans to this call, often in ways that go beyond the expectations of the government, occasionally even challenging it.”
Authors Martinez, Fox, and Farrell explain that “the idea of participatory democracy, as opposed to representative democracy has been a pillar of Chavez’s political movement since his successful run for office in 1998.” The most well-known example of participatory democracy in Venezuela’s Bolivarian Revolution is the system of communal councils, which have “provided Venezuelans with a legal mechanism to locally organize themselves into democratic structures of between 200-400 families, with the greater goal of determining the way that government funds get used for development and infrastructure projects in their communities.”
However, the authors argue that the community councils are just the “tip of the iceberg of the construction of popular power in Venezuela. Over the course of the Bolivarian Revolution, Venezuelans have created cooperatives; taken over factories; occupied urban and rural lands; launched community radio and television stations; built centers for culture and popular education; participated in creating national legislation and found numerous other ways of bringing the government’s discourse of popular power into reality. Many of these actions have been motivated by the words of President Chavez or have been facilitated by government initiatives. Meanwhile, many people behind these actions continue to pressure the government in order to survive or succeed.”
While the revolution has opened up new possibilities for popular participation, many of the participants interviewed explain how they are actively pressuring the governmental bureaucracy to follow through on the revolution’s goals. Looking at this tension between social movements and the state, the authors write that “while much of the blame has been attributed to corrupt or right-wing elements still functioning within the government’s bureaucracy, many social movements also argue that an overly ‘institutionalized’ approach to revolutionary change has not taken their independent initiatives sufficiently into account.” Indeed, “many social movements recognize the reality that although government leadership may have changed, radical transformation will often still demand confrontation with those in political power.”
The authors recognize the interviewees “conflict and frustration” with the government, but they argue that “rather than let their criticisms of Venezuela’s political process fill us with disillusionment, these testimonies should provide us with inspiration in knowing that so many people are actively engaged in constructing their new society, regardless of setbacks.” This point is clearly the dominant theme throughout the book, with the authors boldly asserting that “beyond the social programs, economic projects, and anti-neoliberal policies promoted by the national government, truly profound change will only come from the active debate and dialogue between organized peoples and the government. It is this debate and dialogue that has set Venezuela apart from many national liberation struggles of the past, and if Venezuela is to succeed where others have failed, then it must continue to strengthen this relationship.”
Yanahir Reyes Joins Book Tour
Marking the release of Venezuela Speaks, co-authors Michael Fox and Carlos Martinez are joining photographer Sylvia Leindecker on a book tour around the US. The tour began in San Francisco’s Mission District on January 14 and on the East Coast on January 20, in Arlington, Virginia.
For the East Coast segment, they will also be joined by Yanahir Reyes, who works with Women’s First Steps Civil Association and is the founder of Millennium Women’s Word, a feminist radio program broadcasted on a community radio station in her neighborhood of Caricuao. The 28-year old Reyes is featured in Venezuela Speaks, as part of the chapter focusing on women and sexual diversity movements. Her powerful account is just one of the many interviews featured, but it shows the complexity of how the Bolivarian Revolution has impacted women’s liberation.
Reyes explains that her earliest feminist consciousness came from home, as she saw that her father, a former member of a leftist guerrilla movement, “could go out and do whatever he wanted. He was freer, while my mother stayed at home, taking care of us—the girls—ironing, washing, scrubbing, and cleaning the house.” After discovering that he was having an extra-marital affair, she saw her father as “a coward, a chauvinist,” who “had the power to dominate the situation.” According to Reyes, this type of sexual inequality is compounded by the poverty because “housing is very hard to come by in Caracas and sadly some women are forced to remain in demeaning situations because of it…I want to have my own apartment, alone. I want to travel, to do a lot of things without depending on a man.”
Reyes talks about her involvement in the local ludoteca, which serves as an educational, family, and community center that is flexible and “responds to the needs of the people…the ludotecas are different from traditional schools, because they can take place anywhere in a community…under a mango tree, a room in a barrio, on a closed-off street. The ludoteca isn’t managed by the teacher or an institution, it’s managed by the people. Mothers and fathers participate in the space,” and it “has the objective of strengthening the emotional bonds within the family and using play as a means of education—but an education for transformation.”
Along with working towards a healthy family, the ludoteca has been an important tool for women’s education. As mothers brought their children in, they would gradually become more involved with their children’s education by volunteering at the ludoteca. Reyes explains that “the women were not trained in workshops or anything like that. They began by observing what [co-worker] Milda and I did. But when the women began to participate as volunteers, they started learning children’s songs, how to play the children’s games, how to work with pregnant women. It wasn’t about us teaching the mothers. They learned through practice.” Even further, “the school pushes the community to organize, to solve serious human rights issues, like the right to water, education, security, recreation, nutrition, and other necessities. The ludoteca functions as a safe space, preventing the violence generated by the nature of survival and the vicious cycle of patriarchy and capitalism.”
Illustrating the Bolivarian Revolution’s contradictions and tensions, their ludoteca had trouble getting financial support from the government’s Ministry of Education, which Reyes attributes to The Ministry’s “conservative and bourgeois education policies.” However, “we were able to receive support from Fundayacucho, which is a foundation under the Ministry of Education. These are the contradictions we have in the government. The people inside Fundayacucho understand this project, but the people working directly in the Ministry don’t.”
Reyes concludes her interview by arguing that the Bolivarian Revolution has opened doors for women, but “our concern goes beyond the language of gender inclusion and the political participation of women. The larger struggle is to change the culture.” Reyes cites several important government initiatives for women, including the National Women’s Institute and the 2007 Law on the Right of Women to a Life Free of Violence, which “actually examined the different forms of violence established by patriarchy and machismo as a cultural and ideological system. The creation of The Ministry of Women and Gender Equality in March of 2009 was another very significant step. But I have to say that the bureaucracy swallows good intentions. I think it is a mistake to keep strengthening the institutions. The communities are ready to make the changes. The struggle continues to be the divide between institutions and popular power.”